第二辑 直抵心灵的真相 Volume 2: Truth That Touches Your Heart
世界是可知的吗?
Is the world knowable？
这个问题是德国古典哲学的创始人——康德（1724-1804）明确地提出来并作了详细分析和认证。
This question was explicitly raised, analyzed, and affirmed by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the founder of German classical philosophy.
康德说：“在这个世界上，有两样东西值得我们仰望终生:⼀是我们头顶上璀璨的星空，二是⼈们⼼中⾼尚的道德律。”
Kant said, "Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the oftener and the more steadily we reflect on them: the starry heavens above and the moral law within."
星空因其寥廓⽽深邃，让我们仰望和敬畏；
道德因其庄严⽽圣洁，值得我们⼀⽣坚守。
它出⾃康德的《实践理性批判》，后⼈把它刻在康德的墓碑上。
叔本华认为任何一个研究哲学的人，如果还未了解康德，就只不过是一个孩子。
The starry heavens evoke our gaze and awe with its vastness and profundity;
The moral law deserves our lifelong adherence with its solemnity and purity.
It originated from the "Critique of Practical Reason" by Kant. Later, it was engraved on Kant's tombstone by people.
Schopenhauer believed that anyone studying philosophy who is yet unfamiliar with Kant is merely a child.
康德在前半生主要是研究自然科学，后半生则主要是研究生命哲学。他对人类的理性思维有着深刻的认识和清晰的剖析。
In the first half of his life, Kant primarily studied natural sciences, while in the second half, he focused on the philosophy of life. He possessed a profound understanding and clear analysis of human rational thinking.
所谓理性思维是指用明确的概念来判断、推理的思维活动，理性思维必须符合（形式）逻辑，违背形式逻辑的思维叫反理性或非理性思维。
The so-called rational thinking refers to the mental activity of judging and reasoning using clear concepts. Rational thinking must conform to (formal) logic, while thinking that violates formal logic is called irrational or non-rational thinking.
他把世界划分为现象和自在之物。
He divides the world into Phenomenon and the Thing-in-itself.
现象是指自在之物作用于人的感官，形成经验材料，再加上人的感性与知性所感知而产生的。通俗一点说，现象即一切可感知的材料，包括一切精神现象和物体现象，是人类认识的对象。
Phenomenon refers to the Thing-in-itself acting upon human senses, resulting in experiential materials, combined with the perceptions generated by human sensibility and intellect. In simpler terms, phenomena encompass all perceivable materials, including both mental and physical manifestations, and serve as objects of human cognition.
自在之物是产生现象的本体，包括灵魂中的自由意志、宇宙的本体以及造物主——上帝，自在之物是形而上的，也就是说，自在之物是无法用理性思维来确知的，或者说是自在之物是无法用形式逻辑来证明的。
The Thing-in-itself is the noumenon that gives rise to phenomena, including the free will in the soul, the essence of the universe, and the Creator - God. The Thing-in-itself is metaphysical, meaning it cannot be definitively known through rational thinking or proven through formal logic.
当人类试图用在感性和知性之上的理性，对超经验的自在之物有所认识时，则不可避免地陷入无法自解的矛盾中，即二律背反，所谓二律背反就是两个互相排斥但同样是可论证的命题之间的矛盾。
When humans attempt to use rational thinking, which transcends sensibility and intellect, to comprehend the transcendent Thing-in-itself, they inevitably fall into unresolved contradictions, namely, antinomy. Antinomies refer to contradictions between two mutually exclusive yet demonstrable propositions.
他举了四组二律背反：
He presents four sets of antinomies:
1.世界在时间与空间上是有限的；世界在时间与空间上是无限的。
2.世界是统一的；世界是复杂多样可分割的。
3.世界上一切都是自由的或者说是偶然的、自由的；世界上一切都是决定的、或者说是必然的。
4.世界有开始之因；世界无开始之因。
1.The world is limited with regard to time and space; The world is unlimited with regard to time and space.
2.The world is unified; The world is complex, diverse, and divisible.
3.Everything in the world is either free or, in other words, contingent and free; Everything in the world is determined or, in other words, necessary.
4.A necessary being is either part of or cause of the world; A necessary being is not part of the world or cause of the world.
这些问题是任何一位哲学家或神学家都必须面对的问题。如果哪一位哲学家或神学家对这些问题避而不谈，或者自以为是地、主观臆断地肯定这四组命题中的任何一个，或否定另外一个，都犯了主观主义错误。
These questions are confronted by any philosopher or theologian. If any philosopher or theologian evades these questions, or presumptuously and subjectively asserts the validity of any of these four sets of propositions, or denies the others, they commit the error of subjectivism.
严格地说，都不能算是一个哲学家或神学家，最多只能算是一个缺乏理性而感情丰富的思想家而已！而马克思就是这样一位思想家，他，主观臆断地相信物质（世界）是无限的、永恒的、绝对的。
Strictly speaking, they cannot be considered as a philosopher or theologian; at best, they can only be regarded as a sentimentally rich thinker lacking rationality! And Karl Marx was such a thinker, who subjectively believes that matter (the world) is infinite, eternal, and absolute.
所以，康德认为本体是不能被人的理性所认识的，只有心中的圣灵才是通向自在之物的路。
Therefore, Kant believed that the Thing-in-itself cannot be apprehended by human reason; only the Holy Spirit within one's mind is the path to reach the Thing-in-itself.
笔者同意康德的观点，即关于灵魂中的自由意志、宇宙的本体以及造物主——上帝，是属于形而上的问题，非凡夫可臆度。
I agree with Kant's perspective, which asserts that matters concerning free will within the soul, the essence of the universe, and the Creator—God, belong to the realm of metaphysics and are beyond the grasp of ordinary minds.
佛教反对热衷于讨论形而上学方面的问题，而提倡求实的精神。
Buddhism is against passion on discussing metaphysical issues and advocates pragmatic attitude.
当年，释迦牟尼佛在世的时候，有96种外道，各自坚持着有关世界本原的各种见解。后来，大部分都逐渐被佛陀摄服，而皈依到佛陀的足下，成为佛陀的弟子。
When Buddha Shakyamuni was alive, there were 96 non-Buddhist schools, each adhering to various views regarding the origin of the world. Later, most of them were gradually convinced by Buddha, converted to Buddhism, and became Buddha’s disciples.
当然，佛陀对弟子也是不回答康德列举的那些问题的。当有个别弟子提出这些问题时，佛陀总是把它们摒弃，搁置一边。
Of course, Buddha also didn't answer those questions listed by Kant. When some disciples raised these questions, Buddha always discarded and set them aside.
佛陀说：“如果修行者没有用正确的方法来修习智慧和慈悲，而想知道这些问题的答案，在他未能清楚满意之前，就要死掉了。”
Buddha said, "If a practitioner does not cultivate wisdom and compassion through the right methods and instead seeks answers to these questions, they will die without finding clear satisfaction."
“这就好比一个中了毒箭的人，在亲友找到医生替他诊治时，却对医生说：‘取箭之前，先回答我的问题：伤害我的人属于什么阶级？名字叫什么？身材怎样？哪里人氏？还有他用的弓是什么做的？弦又是什么做的？箭杆是什么做的？箭翎是哪种鸟的羽毛？医生，你若不能给我一个满意的解释，我就不疗伤了！”
"It is like a person wounded by a poisoned arrow. When relatives and friends find a doctor to heal him, he demands, 'Before you extract the arrow, answer my questions: Who shot me? What is their name? What is their appearance? Where do they come from? What is the bow made of? How about the arrow? What materials compose the shaft? What bird's feather is on the arrowhead? Doctor, if you fail to provide a satisfactory explanation, I will refuse treatment!'"
“修习梵行，建立解脱，不在于肯定或否定你提出的问题。 不论世间流行的臆度是怎样，肯定或否定，都不能依靠它消除人间的苦痛。而我要解释的是止息痛苦、消除烦恼、建立解脱、获得自由的方法。
"Practicing the holy life and establishing liberation does not depend on affirming or denying the questions you have raised. Regardless of the prevailing speculations in the world, affirmation or denial cannot alleviate the suffering in human life. However, what I aim to explain is the method to cease suffering, eliminate afflictions, establish liberation, and attain freedom.
从梵行可以获得解脱，从解脱可以获得无量的智慧和力量。到那时，又何愁不会明了你所提出的区区几个问题呢？”
Through leading a holy life, one can attain liberation; through liberation, one can gain immeasurable wisdom and strength. At that time, what difficulty would there be in comprehending the mere few questions you have raised?"
对机说法，因材施教是佛陀教化众生的方法。佛陀并不是一座计算机，不管什么人问什么样的问题，他都会不加思索地回答。
Buddha's method of enlightening sentient beings is to teach them according to their aptitudes. Buddha is not a computer, he won’t simply answer any answers without thinking.
他是一位很讲究实际效益的老师，充满了慈悲与智慧，他并不是为了炫耀自己的知识而答问，而是为了要帮助问话人走上正觉的道路。他和人说法时，时刻不忘对方的水平、倾向、根器、性格以及了解某一问题的能力。
He is a teacher who is very concern about practical benefits. He is full of compassion and wisdom. He does not answer questions to show off his knowledge, but to help the questioner on the path of enlightenment. When he talks to a person, he always keeps in mind the level, inclination, aptitude, character and ability of understanding a certain issue of that person.
由此可知：世界是可知的，还是不可知的，这个问题不在世界那一方面，而在于认识世界的人的智慧达到什么程度。
From this, it can be understood that the world may be knowable or unknowable. The answer to this question lies not in the world itself, but rather in the extent of wisdom attained by those who seek to understand it.
一个智商只有100的人，能成为物理学家、哲学家吗？一个凡夫想要知道世界的全部奥秘，难道不是痴心妄想吗？西方最著名的哲学家也只不过对那些二律背反的问题有了一个理性的认识而已！
Can a person with an IQ of only 100 become a physicist or a philosopher? Isn't it a wishful thinking for an ordinary person to hope to know all the mysteries of the world? Even the most renowned Western philosophers have only achieved a rational understanding of those problems involving antinomies.
世界最伟大的科学家——牛顿在其生命的后三十年，研究世界本原的问题，得出结论：上帝创造了一切！
Newton, the world's greatest scientist, in the last thirty years of his life devoted himself to the study of the origin of the world and came to the conclusion: God created everything!
20世纪20年代发展和建立起来的量子力学，得到了极广泛的应用。然而，以爱因斯坦，玻尔为代表的科学家们在对其理论基础做哲学解释时，却遇到了极大的困惑， 一直存在着激烈的争论。
The quantum mechanics developed and established in the 1920s has gained a wide range of applications. However, when scientists such as Einstein and Bohr attempt to provide philosophical interpretations of its theoretical foundations, they encounter significant perplexity, leading to ongoing and intense debates.
其实，他们争论的焦点就是康德列举的二律背反中的第二、三组：关于世界是统一的，还是复杂多样的、可分割的，以及世界上一切是自由的、还是必然的。他们争吵了70多年，也没有一个定论。
In fact, the crux of their debate revolves around Kant's antinomies of the second and third groups: whether the world is unified or diverse, divisible, and whether everything in the world is free or determined. They have been arguing for over 70 years without reaching a consensus.
易明之光 Mini读书@2023